The best time of year to visit this part of Utah is before Memorial Day or after late September; otherwise it is hot (90-105 F.) and crowded! To understand Utah’s geology please watch the DVD Grand Canyon: the Puzzle on the Plateau (by Mike Snavely Mission Imperative) which is based on Walter Brown’s book, In the Beginning , the section on the Grand Canyon. This book is fully viewable on line at http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/GrandCanyon.html After the Genesis Flood, the Colorado Plateau rose more than a mile high. During the one and only Ice Age, the basin of this plateau was filled with a lake, Grand Lake (sometimes also called Canyonlands Lake) and Hopi Lake. The Ice Age lasted for some 700 years. In this area of the world there would have been plenty of rain, not snow/ice; it would have been a well-watered place. These two lakes would have grown in size, covering parts of four states. Then they breached. This would have flooded the Northern part of Arizona carving out the Grand Canyon. Three legends of Native American tribes living near the Northern Arizona speak of the Grand Canyon’s formation after a local, single, catastrophic flood. The Navajo speak of an earthquake and a loud roaring sound, scouts were sent out, and they found a large hole, a very large hole. That hole today is called the Grand Canyon. How did these people groups get to Grand Canyon area after the Genesis Flood? These were people who had left the tower of Babel about 100 years after the Genesis Flood and traveled till they settled in the Grand Canyon area. This would mean the Grand Canyon was probably formed centuries after the Genesis Flood. Much of Utah is in the Colorado Plateau which once held these huge lakes, then the lakes drained catastrophically in a few weeks after the lakes breached. When visiting the national and state parks of the Colorado Plateau keep this in mind that it once held these huge lakes and then these lakes drained catastrophically in a few weeks after these lakes breached. In this article, we are looking at Utah, much of which is in the Colorado Plateau and the location of these great lakes. 1.  Dinosaur National Monument , Utah side: wall of 1,000s + large dinosaur bones. The most prevalent fossils are not dinosaur bones but clams. Download a great article from http://www.icr.org/article/dinosaur-national-monument-park-or-jurassic-jumble/ Video: Awesome Science Dinosaur National Monument with Noah Justice Dinosaur National Monument: Fossil Graveyard of the Flood https://www.icr.org/article/dinosaur-national-monument-fossil-graveyard/ Dinosaur National Monument in Utah https://answersingenesis.org/fossils/dinosaur-national-monument-in-utah/ 2. Red Fleet State Park , Near Dinosaur National Mon., UT – dinosaur trackways outside of Moab http://www.discovermoab.com/moab_dinosaurs.htm 3. College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum Price, Utah : Utah raptor, tracks from inside a coal mine, and a large collection of dinosaur bones from 11 species. Reasonably priced entrance fee. 4. Scenic Byway 128 : If coming from ColoradoI-70, turn off at Cisco and take the Scenic Byway 128. It is 44 miles long. It ends 2 miles north of Moab. If in Moab take the trip. It is well worth it! 5. Arches National Park . (Moab, UT).. Arches has more arches than any other place on earth, more than 2,000. Why here? These sandstone arches were formed on top of salt beds. When the sandstone was deposited on top of the salt beds, the salt liquefied because of the weight and then was pushed up fracturing the sandstone into parallel strips. Water then broke down the sandstone producing tall thin fins. Water at the base would have eaten away at the base of the walls causing an opening and finally an arch. Notice the arches are on ridges. Notice the sedimentary layers that make up the arches. Imagine waters rushing off and carving out the arches, made by water not wind. The ridge at Devil’s Garden area has over 1,000 arches. An arch by definition is an opening 3 feet wide and which sunlight can be seen through it. Notice under the sandstone, the wavy mudstone. The mudstone was laid down but had not solidified yet when the sandstone was deposited upon it. Did earthquake tremors cause the mud to be wavy? Imagine the amount of water rushing over and eroding this vast area. The arches were not carved out by wind eating away at each sand grain over millions of years. If this were true, we would see arches forming today and we do not. What we do see is arches collapsing. Be sure to stop at the visitor center to see the topographic map. Visit: the windows, Delicate Arch (best time to photograph is late afternoon, sunrise is cooler and is less crowded), Landscape arch (almost length of a football field) while at landscape take the side trail to pine tree arch and tunnel arch. As always, look to see how the water would have carved these arches out; also notice the sedimentary layers with the arches. A. Notice the sedimentary layers are like pancakes stacked on top of each other (if each layer was laid down over millions of years we should see erosional gullies between the layers.. yet we see one layer laid upon another without any erosion between the layers. This means they had to be laid down quickly at one time and this would have taken place during the year long Flood of Noah’s time.) B. Notice no talus (rock debris) below- all has been swept away (If this terrain had been eroding over millions of years, where’s the rock at the base of the cliffs) Look at what is not around Balanced Rock. C. Notice the cliffs are vertical, if this took millions of years, the cliff face should not be vertical but sloped. D. Arches are not being formed today, only being destroyed. Since 1977, more than 43 arches have collapsed of the 2000 arches in this park. E. Article explains why Arches has the most arches in the entire world. It takes special conditions….. https://answersingenesis.org/geology/natural-features/arches-utah/ Arches National Park: Sculptures from the Flood https://www.icr.org/article/arches-national-park-sculptures-from-the-flood Collapsed Utah Arch Prompts Questions about Arch Formation https://www.icr.org/article/collapsed-arch-prompts-questions Arches National Park & Bridges National Monument Video: Awesome Science Explore Arches National Park & Bridges National Monument with Noah Justice 6. Canyonlands National Park : 3 parks 1. Island in the Sky (near Arches) sits atop a massive mesa, some 1500 feet higher than the surrounding area, like an Island in the Sky. From many lofty viewpoints one can see over 100 miles in any direction, imagine this as a huge lake which formed and filled after the Flood then drained catastrophically, eroding out the Grand Canyon. Don’t miss the beauty of Mesa Arch. 2. Needles (south of Moab). Check out hiking to Chesler Park. Here you would be near the bottom of the Grand/Canyonlands lake. Look at the sedimentary layers of red and white… do you see any erosion between the layers? Layers are like pancakes stacked on top of each other. This means they were laid down quickly.  In the May 2006,  Canyonlands geology handout, it states, “Surprising is the fact that all of these rock layers  were flat when they were deposited.” It is surprising to those who think these layers were  laid down over millions of years with no erosion taking place. To those with a Biblical  view, these layers were laid down during the year long Flood of Noah’s day. That  explains the flat pancake layers with no erosion.   http://www.americansouthwest.net/utah/canyonlands/chesler_park.html 7.   Dead Horse Point State Park (near Island in the Sky)   – Panoramic view of the  Colorado river-breathtaking! Small fee. Notice sedimentary layers, flat like pancakes  (laid down quickly, no erosion) which means they were laid down during the Flood of  Noah’s day.   At the visitor center see the dinosaur footprint on a slab of rock.  Also check out http://creation.com/flat-gaps 8. Black Dragon Canyon : ancient rock art (petroglyph) of what looks like a pterosaur (pterodactyl). Follow I-70 and turn off near mile marker 147 on the north side of the road, no signs, and open gate. Please read or you will get lost in the outback http://www.climb utah.com/SRS/srra.htm Are pterosaurs (pterodactyl) mentioned in the Bible? Isaiah 14:29, 30:6 “a fiery flying serpent”. The Sioux Indian thunderbird fits the pterosaur description.  9. Goblin State park : Goblin Valley, a valley of strange shaped rock formations  surrounded by a wall of eroded cliffs. These goblins are hoodoos and this site has one of the highest concentrations in the world. “Most people just walk a short distance around the closest part of the valley though this area is not the most interesting as in general all the hoodoos are similar in size and shape; the formations are more varied to the southeast, beyond an intervening ridge, where a side ravine joins from the east. The goblins are taller, closer together and have more complex forms, especially around the head of the ravine on top of the escarpment, and on the far side, where a vast, steep-faced bowl contains thousands of hoodoos”  http://www.americansouthwest.net/utah/goblin_valley/state_park.html   Just a few miles away are Temple Mountain Uranium Mine site (uranium from here was used in the atomic bomb efforts) and Little Wild Horse Slot Canyon. “Because it is just 5 miles from Goblin State Park, is easily explored, and has narrow passages as fine as any other Southwest slot, Little Wild Horse Canyon has become the most visited location in the San Rafael Swell. One hour is enough to see the best sections along its lower end.” Other nearby slot canyons are listed on this web site   http://www.americansouthwest.net/slot_canyons/little_wild_horse_canyon/index.html   10. Capitol Reef National Park – Sedimentary layers like pancakes stacked on top of  each other. No evidence of erosion taking place between layers means they were laid  down quickly and not over millions of years. An oyster reef in the middle of a desert! Oyster shell reef is about 23 miles off Utah 24 on a dirt road with washboards. Get  directions from Park service and pick up the Loop-the-Fold car guide (free). There are  NO signs pointing this out, you must read your odometer! Most just drive by it, unaware.  You might also enjoy the 57.6 mile loop through the Cathedral district. Most cars have  high enough clearance. https://www.visitutah.com/places-to-go/most-visited-parks/capitol-reef/must-see-capitol-reef/cathedral-valley-scenic-backway/   Hwy 12 from Boulder to Escalante  Scenic byway of panoramic views of colorful slick rock.   11. Kodachrome State Park , UT – sandstone of spires, very curious. These plumes can  be traced 1000 feet below the surface. The plumes were once a squishy sand and seismic shaking caused it to be injected, like toothpaste, upward through the layers above, forming these sand plumes. After the plumes pushed upward, cementing took place, with the sandstone plumes becoming harder than the material it penetrated. The softer layers surrounding the plumes later eroded away, leaving the plumes exposed. Evolutionary geologists believe that these layers took 10 million years to be laid down. If this were true then every 3 years only one millimeter of sediment would be laid down. This would give the layers time to harden. Hardened layers would not have allowed the sand to be injected. 1.     Sand Pillars—Breaking Through Millions of Years https://answersingenesis.org/geology/natural-features/sand-pillars-breaking-through-millions-years/ 2.     Sand Injectites https://www.icr.org/article/sand-injectites/ Just outside Kodachrome is the Cottonwood Canyon Road  in the Grand  Staircase-Escalante National Monument. It is a wonderful “slow” dirt road, (do not  take if wet) this road will take you to Page, Arizona .   12. Bryce Canyon National Park ,– Top cliff of the Grand Staircase. Bryce is an eroded plateau not a canyon. As the Flood waters flowed off in sheets, great amounts of sediments were eroded, eroding the Grand Staircase. As the Flood water decreased they became channelized carving out the valley below. After the Flood was the one and only Ice Age. You would be standing on the edge of Grand/Canyonlands lake, then the lake drained. Bryce received a lot of rain which would have caused erosion and the hoodoos that Bryce is famous for. https://answersingenesis.org/geology/natural-features/hoodoos-bryce-canyon/ Notice: - It is the top step of the Grand Staircase with its pink cliffs made of limestone. The pink color comes from the iron mineral in the limestone rusting. This limestone covers some 2,000 square miles and is over 1,000 feet thick. Bryce is famous for it hoodoos. The hoodoos are made from the limestone stone going through freezing and thawing some 200 days/year. This limestone is a soft limestone which allows for rapid weathering. A hoodoo begins as a narrow fin of rock. Then the rock is removed by freezing and thawing. Soon a window is formed, and then collapses, leaving behind two hoodoos. Erosion has been working on them. In fact, many of the hoodoos were officially named during the 1970’s resembling certain items, today they do not look like what they resembled. - Be sure to hike: 1. The Navajo loop trial from Sunset point. The 3 mile loop includes a hike through a slot canyon called Wall Street. This is the only slot canyon in Bryce. The Colorado Plateau is famous for its slot canyons. See slot canyons below. 2. Queen’s Garden Trail: most picturesque hike. 3. Bristlecone Pine trail: Hike to the end of it and see small group of bristlecone pines which looks like a bottlebrush. Their needles stay on 17 years, unlike other pines whose needles stay on 2-3 years. Bristlecone pines are the oldest living thing on earth. This one at Bryce is ~1,800 years old. In the White Mts. of California, the oldest bristlecones are living, some say 10,000 years old. Imagine the seed floating in the Flood, then depositing itself and growing ever since. The Bible has the Flood about 2348 BC. So the bristlecone should be about 4500 years old, not 10,000. What counts for the older trees? Remember,  the one and only Ice Age followed the Flood and in the SW USA, that region would have received much precipitation. This would have been a well watered place, not dry as it is today. “Heavy Ice Age precipitation combined with little seasonal contrast can account for extra rings grown in one year.” (guide book p. 123).   Stop and see:  1. the 4 places riding the shuttle bus  2. Natural Bridge view point: This is a free-standing rock arch. Notice it is on the side of the plateau. A free-standing arch requires rapid erosion, imagine the waters rushing off and eroding this arch. We do not see arches forming today,  only collapsing. Bryce Canyon is not a canyon but the side of a plateau. What we see is the erosion of soft limestone. Where does this limestone come from? There is so much limestone worldwide that it is considered a mystery. Too much limestone exists on earth, according to secular geologist, to have been formed by coral and shells. In fact, this limestone at Bryce does not have fossils imbedded. So where could all this limestone come from? The Flood of Noah’s day with the fountains of the deep erupting with it limy waters could have been the source of the vast amount of limestone we see in the sedimentary layers (Brown, 221). It does not take millions of years to form limestone. Be sure to stop at the visitor center to see the topographic map. Great guide book: True North Series Your Guide to Zion and Bryce Canyon National 13. Zion National Park – These are some of the tallest sandstone cliffs in the world. This Navajo Sandstone spreads over 130,000 square miles of the Colorado Plateau. Where did all this and come from? Studies have found that this sand came from the Appalachian Mountains in Pennsylvania. A world-wide flood would have ground up the mountains and moved it to this area. Zion is known for its sandstone being cross-bedded or laid down diagonally. Secular geologist would say these are petrified sand dunes. How does sand become a rock? It needs a cementing agent, like when you make a concrete sidewalk one uses ground up limestone and sand/rock. The Flood of Noah’s day would have provided the limy waters, giving the cementing agent. Notice The cross-beds or diagonal lines of sand; they frequently have a flat “planation surface”, often looking like “stacked” pancakes. During the Flood, cross-beds would have been laid down, then sheared or planed off by the water’s “lateral erosion”, with another cross-bed laid on top. Today we do not see wind eroding off the tops of the dunes and creating this “stacking” of pancakes. Cross-bedding with planation surfaces are found world-wide. The Flood of Noah’s day would have left this type of evidence. Also, these sand dunes had to be laid down under water and not in a dry desert environment for them to cement into sandstone. For these dunes to form, the water was some 300 feet deep with current velocities of 4 feet/second  Vertically walled canyon or slot canyon. Look at The Narrows, a 2,000 foot deep slot canyon. A flowing stream did not cut this slot canyon otherwise it would be v-shaped and it is not.   Lack of debris rock fall debris in the canyon. Notice lack of rock fall, which means a lot of rock has to be removed. Is it at the base of the cliffs? No. A recent and catastrophic carving of the canyons removed the rock debris.  Underfit stream. The stream is too small to fit the canyon. This means that in the past this canyon carried much more water than today. The channeling of flood waters late in the Flood would have carved out these deep canyons.   Review: Notice  Sheer vertical cliffs and lack of rock debris in canyon bottom show catastrophic  erosion.   Slot canyons cut rapidly by channelized flow of receding water late in the Flood  Cross-bedding. Not fossilized sand dunes but rather were formed underwater from the Genesis Flood  Great guide book: True North Series Your Guide to Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks and http://www.icr.org/article/marketing-navajo-sandstone    Cross-bedding  When traveling in the Western USA, you may come across cross-bedding. Cross bedding is found in sedimentary rock and it is a series of visible layers within the rock.  Most layers are horizontal; however cross-bedding has layers that are at a distinct angle  to the horizon. Cross-bedding is found most often in sandstone. These cross-beds help  prove Noah’s Flood. Modern desert sand dunes have steep faces with sand beds at an  angle greater than 25 degrees. If the sand bed angle is less than 25 degrees, most likely it was water deposited. So how do you determine if the sandstone cross-beds came from an ancient desert or from a flood? Easy, get out the protractor! (If you do not have a protractor with you take a picture and do the measurements at home.) Establish the horizon and lay the protractor on that. Then read the angle the cross-bedding is at. If the angle of the sand bed is above 25 degrees, it was formed in a dry environment. If the angle of the sand bed is below 25 degrees, the sand was laid down in a flood environment. What we find in the West is a considerable amount of cross-bedding laid down in a watery environment. When you visit the West take along your protractor and do the protractor test. Sedimentary rock layers with cross-bedding often declare there was a Noah’s Flood!   “Do Sand-Dune Sandstone Disprove Noah’s Flood?”, Brian Thomas, Acts and Facts,  September 2014, p. 18-19. https://www.icr.org/article/8231   3. Checkerboard mesa has cross-bedding AND vertical cracks. These vertical cracks were probably caused by an expansion during the Colorado uplift with erosion following. 14. The Wave, Coyote Buttes, near Page Arizona. Lottery (10 per day) and permit required– to see unrivaled sandstone layers. What caused this? Rocks do not bend! As the Colorado Plateau uplifted, the sedimentary layers that had been laid down were still soft when bent . The reddish color is from the iron bearing minerals in the Flood. Several other hikes to consider in this area – may require permits but they are unlimited; Water Holes Canyon and Buckskin Gulch. 15. Glen Canyon Dam, Page, Arizona - Check out the dam, great topographic map and dinosaur footprints on a huge slab in the front of the building. Can flood waters carve out rock quickly? Here at this dam in July 1983, the water was about to over top the dam, water were released through the spillway. On the fourth day, seismic activity was detected, then they saw muddy red water being released, within minutes, a cavern 32 by 40 by 150 feet had been excavated. Cavitation, which is water moving at a high velocity over a rough surface can form vacuum bubbles which implode with such a force that they fracture the adjacent rock and accelerate erosion. Cavitation had eaten through three-foot thick steel reinforced concrete lining the tunnel and into the rock, all this done within minutes. What would the Flood of Noah have been like? It was World War II and the British Royal Navy ships were experiencing unexplained damage to their propellers. Physicists worked out the problem, it was cavitation bubbles. Cavitation bubbles occur when turbulent waters cause tiny bubbles to grow and then collapse. These tiny bubbles can rise to temperatures of 27,000 degrees F. (as hot as a star’s surface). The result is great damage where the bubbles burst. Little wonder that this same cavitation mechanism cut through solid concrete dam tunnels at Glen Canyon Dam just north of the Grand Canyon in 1983. Unexpected rains filled the reservoir resulting in the need to release water via the dam’s spillways. On day four slight rumblings and vibrations were felt. One of the spillway tunnel’s portals erupted with jets of water containing debris of concrete, rebar and rock (one boulder measuring 10 feet by 15 feet). Upon inspection, the tunnel had a new hole, roughly 50 feet deep and 135 feet long, having cut through the reinforce concrete and sandstone. Cavitation had done its work. Now imagine the destructive power of rushing waters as they poured off the continents at the end of the Global Flood. We can see the leftover signs of fast flowing water scouring the land - cavitation in the steep-sided canyon, gorges and ravines of the world. Creation Magazine, “Beware the Bubble’s Burst”, March –May 2009, p.50-51 16. Horseshoe Bend, Page, Arizona - Free. 5 miles south on Highway between milepost 544 and 545. Park your car in the dirt parking lot and hike the ¾ mile in sand to the cliff edge. The drop is 1,000 feet to the Colorado River below. Breathtaking! Don’t miss!  This is an entrenched meander (with both sides having vertical cliffs) which is very rare.  Entrenched meanders are rare and a puzzle to evolutionary thinking of taking millions of years to form. They are a puzzle because they look young; “newly formed”. With a biblical time-line, fast, deep waters eroded these entrenched meanders. The rivers you see flowing today are too small for the channel and are therefore called “underfit”.  http://creation.com/grand-canyon-origin-flood   What created this entrenched meander? Fast water in a short time, not the evolutionary idea of millions of years.  -If you drive down to the Grand Canyon stop at Lee’s Ferry and see Marble Canyon- a  big crack.  Horseshoe Bend, Arizona https://creation.com/horse-shoe-bend-arizona 17. Antelope Canyon , a slot canyon, Page, Arizona – The Colorado Plateau has more slot canyons than any other place on earth. As the Colorado Plateau uplifted, the horizontal layers warped and produced vertical fractures through these sedimentary layers. After Grand Lake/Canyonlands Lake breached, these thin vertical fractures would have become drainage channels down to the Colorado River. These vertical fractures with subsurface drainage at the bottom eroded slot canyons exposing the warped, curved layers that later cemented into sandstone by the silica rich subsurface water. Vertical fractures produced slot canyons; streams did not produce slot canyons. Streams make a v shape. The Genesis Flood for Kids The floodwaters recede https://creation.com/cfk-floodwaters-recede Beauty beneath the desert https://answersingenesis.org/geology/beauty-beneath-desert/ 18. Buttes of Monument Valley – Here you are standing at the bottom of Grand Lake/Canyonlands Lake. Sheet erosion eroded the buttes off and then channel erosion left these relics standing. Notice hardly any rock debris (talus) at the base and the vertical cliffs of the buttes and spires. If they were millions of years old, more talus should be present and the cliffs should not be vertical. 19. Goosenecks of the San Juan State Park– Free, near Mexican Hat, Utah, an entrenched meander. Entrenched meanders are rare. The river meanders 5 miles over a distance of one mile. Typically meanders occur on broad, flat floodplains, and they require loose sediment. Meanders develop in wide loose sediment. A river going around a curve speeds up cutting the outer curve and picking up sediment. As the river moves into the next curve, it drops its load in the inside of the curve. This is where you would find the sand bars. To find no sand bars or a slope is rare, this is called an entranced meander (both side vertical). For this to form the flow of water had to be slow creating the meander and then for it to become entrenched (vertical sides) very fast waters were required to carry away the sediments. How would this come about? After the lake emptied, subsurface waters steadily drained making the San Juan River a very powerful river for centuries, thereby clearing the sediments and creating the vertical walls. For more information check out: In the Beginning under Meandering Rivers.   http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/GrandCanyon5.html   20. Natural Bridges National Monument, UT – Needed lots of water to form, however, today the area is mostly arid. Notice the vertical cliffs and lack of debris (talus) at the bottom. Rapidly moving water had to erode this landscape, not millions of years. Under the Katrina Bridge is a petroglyph of a dinosaur - a sauropod. It is very difficult to find as it is faded. Ask for directions! Also, look at the pictures in this article so you know where to look: https://answersingenesis.org/geology/natural-features/utahs-testimony-to-catastrophe/ Did man and dinosaurs live at the same time? God created land creatures (dinosaurs) along with man on Day 6 of creation week about 6,000 years ago. Those that did not get on the Ark drown. Many others became fossils. Those that were on the Ark (about 50 kinds or about 100 dinosaurs- probably young dinosaurs) disembarked the Ark and filled the earth. Job, who lived after the Flood, records in Job 40 and 41 two dinosaurs called the Behemoth and Leviathan (read Job 41 the description sounds like a fire breathing dragon). Where are the dinosaurs today? Extinct. Yet here we find a petroglyph of a long neck dinosaur dating from the time of the Anasazi Indians. For these people to have drawn this dinosaur meant they saw it. Most Christians are not aware that there are many evidences that dinosaurs lived only thousands of years ago alongside of man. Here is a brief list:  The archaeological evidence : The engravings in brass around Bishop Bell’s tomb at Carlisle Cathedral in the north of England dating 1491 shows two necking long neck dinosaurs – one quite rare and both with non-dragging tails. Worldwide there are many dinosaurs depicted in sculptures, paintings, carvings, and petroglyphs, which mean man has seen them.  Soft tissue found inside of dinosaur bones, which means they are only thousands of year old.  DNA found in dinosaurs bones cells, which means it is only thousands of years  old.  Carbon-14 found in dinosaur bone. C-14 is used to date organic matter (not rocks), it has a short half-life of 5,730 years which means after 100,000 years no C-14 should be left.   Biblical evidence : Job 40:15-24- Behemoth, Job 41- Leviathan. Dinosaurs have been the poster child for evolutionists because they are so appealing. With these findings, dinosaurs can now be our missionaries. Everyone loves dinosaurs; let’s use them as an evangelistic tool.   “Can you draw out Leviathan with a hook…. Out of his mouth go burning lights; Sparks of fire shoot out. Smoke goes out of his nostrils, as from a boiling pot and burning rushes. His breath kindles coals, and a flame goes out of his mouth.” Job 41:1, 19-21 www.creation.com/bishop-bells-brass-behemoths   http://creation.com/hadrosaur-skin   http://creation.com/c14-dinos   http://creation.com/dino-dna-bone-cells If you plan on looking at the petroglyph of the long neck dinosaurs (sauropod), please bring along your own directions on its location on the Kachina Bridge.  I have found that the book Untold Secrets of Planet Earth: Dire Dragons  by Vance Nelson pages 28-30 help greatly!!!!!! Please bring the book with you!    -Utah Dinosaur Petroglyph Disputed https://www.icr.org/article/utah-dinosaur-petroglyph-disputed   The puzzle of large natural bridges and freestanding arches https://creation.com/the-puzzle-of-large-natural-bridges-and-arches   Video:  Awesome Science Explore Arches and Natural Bridges with Noah Justice 21. Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Gunnison, Colorado. This 2,700 cliff looks like a marble cake for much of its 50 miles. Melted rock was forced up into the cracks of the darker rock. To produce this, the rock (dark black) was being crushed over a wide area. Magma with water was quickly injected into the cracks. Forming what you see today.   Gunnison's Black Canyon: The Flood Solves Mysterious Missing Time https://www.icr.org/article/gunnison-black-canyon-flood-solves-mysterious-time/ I tell you,” he replied, “… the stones will cry out” Luke 19:40  “For the earth will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord.”  Habakkuk 2:14 “The Grand Circle” publishes a free map and travel guide of this area.  www.grandcircle.org   If in near Denver, Colorado  Visit Dinosaur Ridge   www.dinoridge.org , Morrison, Co., 335 dinosaur footprints   If near Colorado Springs, Co.   Visit Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument . See huge fossilized tree stumps and fossilized bees and other insects.   If near Kemmerer, Wyoming  Visit Fossil Butte National Monument , Huge number of fossils of crocs, turtle, stingray…. Famous for the Green River Formation fish fossils.  If near Harrison, (western) Nebraska  Visit Agate Fossil Beds National Monument : view a diorama of fossilized horses, pigs, rhinos, camels and dog at the visitor center. An interpretive trial lead to the fossilized corkscrew burrows of a small beaver in the hills. This is the place where Nebraska man was found that was used as evidence in the Scopes Trial which then ushered in evolution being taught. It was later found that Nebraska Man was really a tooth from an ancient pig. But it was too late, the trial was over; evolution would now be taught in the schools. This is the place that changed the direction of our nation! There is no exhibit to display this even though I have asked the park ranger about this. Creation Tours:   Grand Canyon now has creation tours on the rim and rafting:  http://www.canyonministries.org/rim-information/   Garden of the Gods, Colorado Springs, Co. has creation tours: Glen Eyrie “Rock tour” http://www.gleneyrie.org/Visit-the-Castle/Rock-Tour   Creation Encounters have tours. I went on the Big Horn Basin tour, all I can say is fantastic! : http://www.creationencounter.com/tours/ Books and DVD’s I recommend:  Grand Canyon the Puzzle of the Plateau excellent DVD  Creation Explorers: Tracking the flood (in reference to the Missoula flood. If you are touring the Columbia Gorge this is a must see!)-a DVD.  True North Series: your guide to the Grand Canyon  True North Series: your guide to the Yellowstone  True North Series: your guide to the Zion and Bryce by Vail, Oard, Bokovoy, Hergenrather  Awesome Science 30 minute DVDs: Explore national parks with Noah Justice. These are the parks they have DVD’s on: Grand Canyon, Mt. St. Helens, Arches & Natural  Bridges, Yellowstone, Mesa Verde & Chaco Ruins, Yosemite & Zion, Glacier, Dinosaur National Monument, Rocky Mt. National Park, Meteor Crater & Petrified Forest, Mammoth Site in S.D.  For an overview on various aspects of creation and the flood you may want to watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWQ7mxQK1nY Other articles Utah’s Testimony to Catastrophe https://answersingenesis.org/geology/natural-features/utahs-testimony-to-catastrophe/ Your Guide to Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks https://answersingenesis.org/store/product/your-guide-zion-and-bryce-canyon-national-parks/ The Grand Staircase https://www.icr.org/article/grand-staircase/ Mt. St. Helens Creation center  https://www.mshcreationcenter.org/ Zion National Park: Evidence of Deep Water Sand Waves https://www.icr.org/article/zion-national-park-evidence-deep-water-sand-waves//1000 How valleys and canyons formed during Noah’s Flood (slot canyon in Zion) https://creation.com/valley-and-canyon-formation-in-flood-model Arches National Park: Sculptures from the Flood https://www.icr.org/article/arches-national-park-sculptures-from-the-flood The age of arches https://creation.com/en/articles/age-of-arches Many arches and natural bridges likely from the Flood https://creation.com/rock-arches-and-the-flood

BP Books, Tulsa Oklahoma, 2019, 230 pages, $14.95 Evolutionists are aware of the power of the argument from design, but rather than explain how mutations and natural selection can produce ANY design, good, bad or indifferent, they attempt to question the intelligence of the designer they so adamantly oppose.  Aside from the hubris of critiquing systems that are imperfectly understood, their objection often comes down to “personal incredulity” and completely avoids exploring any possibility of a logical reason for the feature. It is akin to the vestigial organ/junk DNA approach, “I don’t know what this is, it must be useless.”  Spine: Bergman first deals with evolutionary explanations for back pain, based on the assumption that we were originally intended to walk on all fours with an arched back. The “S” shaped (back to front) spinal curve that humans require to stand upright is thus felt to be the cause of back pain. Popular therapies for decades included attempts to restore the dome shaped curve (kyphosis) and reduce the lumbar hollow (lordosis). In the process, the real causes of back pain in “the civilized world,” namely sedentary lifestyle and muscle weakness, were missed. Neither of these is helped by the obsolete advice “avoid walking or jogging” and “go to bed.” How much pain and suffering, even unnecessary -- and often unsuccessful – surgery resulted?  Hand: Bergman cites the analysis of a Professor Nathan Lents that the wrist “is way more complicated than it needs to be,” not stopping to marvel at the amazing abilities of the whole hand. This is an example of objection without analysis, like telling Mozart that his music has too many notes. But amazing engineering is admitted by an evolutionist as long as he can attribute it to “nature” as George McGavin did when he stated, “The hand is one of the most beautiful and complex pieces of natural engineering in the human body.”  Pharynx: Is having a common pathway for the intake of food, water and air as well as the outflow of speech “the height of stupidity” as critics claim? To prevent choking, there is an efficient mechanism for closing off the air passages when swallowing, backed up by the ability to cough. Choking is rare and often related to inappropriate things mouthed by infants or neurologic problems in old age. If there were separate pathways, you could die of a stuffy nose, you could not increase your air intake when exercising and the mucus that sweeps the respiratory tract could not be swallowed and digested but would have to be blown into the environment.  Larynx: The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is an inviting target for the design skeptics. It travels with the vagus nerve into the chest, loops around the aorta then ascends to the larynx. On the right side, the nerve loops under the subclavian artery because the embryological right aortic arch is eventually absorbed. Richard Dawkins claims that this arrangement proves that humans came from fish and the larynx from gills. It does not seem to be of concern to the critics that the larynx functions at least adequately and in the case of singers, exceptionally, even though the signals to each side have to travel  different distances. Embryological development is important, not because ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, but because the blood and nerve supply for each organ needs to function throughout development. Organs form and move to their final destination carrying those structures with them. Adding them in later in development is not an option.  Eye: The inverted retina looks like low hanging fruit to the design doubter, with the light sensitive cells (the rods and the cones) behind a layer of bipolar and ganglion cells with their nerve fibers. Those fibers then pass through the retina and leave the eyeball as the optic nerve, creating a blind spot in each eye. Critics note that the squid and octopus have their light sensitive cells facing the light with the nerve fibers behind them and wonder why the creator gave an inferior system to his highest creation. But, of  course, there is more to the story. Cephalopods live in low light. Might that have something to do with the question? Science ought to ask why, but often fails to do so when it is “just stupid.”  As it turns out, the extremely metabolically active vertebrate retinal cells need to be in close contact with the blood supply in the pigmented choroid layer for oxygen and nutrients as well as carrying off excessive heat. The choroid epithelial cells also recycle the used photoactive chemical, retinal, and prevent a toxic buildup of free radicals and superoxides. And is the presence of the nerve cells detrimental to vision? No! Vertebrate eyes work very well, thank you. And it turns out that the nerves  are not only basically transparent but actually function like fiberoptics. The blind spots? They are in the  peripheral vision and at different places in the two eyes.  And to think, Darwin himself was distressed at the prospect of building an eye by small random steps – and all he knew about was the optics! His disciples are much more arrogant and think that by pointing out “design flaws” they have proved the whole thing happened without intelligence! Perhaps the most significant defects they reveal are their incomplete research and faulty logic.  Of course, Biblical Creation does include the understanding that because of the Fall and Curse, some things have gone wrong. The fact that systems still work so well is testimony to the quality of the original design and its backup systems.  I picture the critics trying to answer God: “Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation? Tell me, if you understand.”¹ The book has some technical explanations that require background knowledge but the fact that there are reasonable explanations for the evolutionary “Gotcha” arguments is clear throughout.  ¹ Job 38:2  Reviewed by Ross S. Olson MD

Subject: "Comparisons of molecules (proteins, DNA) of various species provide independent and compelling support for the hypothesis of biological macro-evolution" CONDITIONS Each entry be limited to 1500 words of text with the references limited to no more than 300 words, as calculated by Microsoft Word 2000 Word Count. No more than six weeks pass between postings. The clock would start when the posting is received, simultaneously, by the other participant and the moderators. There be three cycles of submissions (three postings each.) The debate will stick to the subject originally proposed, including alternative explanations of the data and comparisons of similar questions such as the explanation for so called "junk DNA." The debate postings from both groups will be posted with identical content, including up to three JPEG images, on the websites of both the Twin Cities Creation Science Association (www.tccsa.tc) and the New Mexicans for Science and Reason (www.nmsr.org). The webmasters of both sites are free to use formatting styles of their own choosing as long as they are easily readable and essentially identical for both the pro and the con sides of the argument, maintaining the authors' formatting such as italics, indentation, etc.. Each group will upload the website versions of both groups' essays on the same day, "Posting Day," to be negotiated in advance of the postings. When it's one group's turn to submit an essay, text and images of that group's essay will be sent to the webmaster of the other group no later than three (3) days before Posting Day. There will be six Posting Days altogether: Initial Submission (NMSR), followed six weeks later by First Followup (TCCSA), six weeks after that by NMSR's response, six weeks after that by TCCSA's response, six weeks after that by NMSR's response, and will end six weeks after that with TCCSA's final response. Moderators: In the event of a dispute over violation of these conditions, Ross Olson and Edward Max will be co-moderators and will be responsible for arriving at a solution to which they both agree.

Summary of the creation-evolution debate "Does evolution or intelligent design better explain life's diversity?" Walter ReMine vs. Massimo Pigliucci Held at the University of Minnesota, August 12, 2000 Pigliucci's presentation: I found Professor Pigliucci, (pronounced Pill-ü'-chi) personable and reasonable, his delivery smooth and polished. His 45 minute presentation was the usual angles, though rather less than I expected and aimed more toward a high-school audience. I was braced for more, and was surprised when a bigger salvo did not come. He began by defining evolution as " change in gene frequencies ", and spent too much of his time working this old saw. He later merged in the notion of evolution as common descent. He also tried to define evolution to leave out the origin of life . All very common moves: An attempt to win the debate by mis-defining its key term. He argued that eyes are not well designed. ¹ He says natural selection could not explain perfect design (which is a direct contradiction to Stephen Gould's claim). He spent time with micro-evolutionary issues - but his examples tended to have the 'evil god' angle (not his words) that he used many times that night. It seems an angle he relishes. For example, he discussed changes in gene frequency in the HIV virus. Also parasites. Also the "terrible waste that 99.9 percent of species went extinct." ² He also displayed a slide that specifically mentioned the problem of evil. He gave examples of 'bad design' in humans (which is yet another version of the evil god argument) - human backaches, hemorrhoids, varicose veins, (I suggest these are more likely due to lack of exercise and bad diet), and the fact that it takes a baby a year to learn to walk (I say, So what! A human baby is learning far more important things during that time). He says these support the idea that humans had to learn to walk upright, unlike our distant ancestors. He is especially pleased with this argument as he used it at a lecture the previous day and on his website. His arguments here were poorly formed and sketchy, they are mere bald assertions unsupported anywhere in the literature by a serious analysis of the design itself. That is a common practice today among evolutionists, and must be challenged. It is sobering to remember that evolutionists once claimed numerous organs were completely "functionless" vestiges . Since those were abundantly mistaken, we ought be even more skeptical about claims that are more difficult to establish, such as claims about imperfect design. We ought be especially skeptical when those claims are unsupported by serious analysis, as is the case these days. He showed the triceratops family (a slide from his website), that looks reminiscent of the horse situation (i.e. bushy), and a new slide on whales. He discussed the evolution of the whales, including a hypothetical drawing of the mesonychids that looks somewhat like a weird-faced tiger with bear claws. He showed a bear grasping fish in a river, and suggested such an existence for the forerunners of the whales. At one stage in his storytelling he showed a drawing (I suspect hypothetical soft-body tissues) that looked fat-belly-alligator-like. He had a lot of just-so story-telling about how whales would evolve. He said the Hippo is the closest living terrestrial relative of the whales: because of the DNA data (I presume he is referring to DNA cladograms, which never identify real ancestors); because the Hippo baby swims before it can walk (therefore like a whale?); because the Hippo nurses its young underwater (like a whale); and because the Hippo's testicles are internal (like a whale). That was the meatiest part of his presentation, yet full of notoriously flexible Darwinian storytelling. Most notably, there was no serious demonstration that a large-scale pattern of clear-cut ancestors actually exists. This is a key point, a central issue. My approach: My book, The Biotic Message , quotes abundantly, and only from my opponents - evolutionists. That approach avoids the fringe issues and keeps my material within mainstream science. My debate used that same material, though I referred listeners to my book for documentation, rather my debate focused on getting the key concepts across. I address only the scientific issues, while avoiding religion. There is an abundance of science that favors creation, and I sought to demonstrate this by example . I chose a number of these topics that are known to leading evolutionists, but generally UN-known to the public. This made my topics relevant and interesting, even new and startling to many people. These are especially juicy topics previously thought the strongest evidences for evolution. To date, I have not heard anything from anyone (creationist or evolutionist) that shows any serious error in my facts presented that evening. Rather, the criticism has been of a different kind. One of my goals was to press a lot of key material into the videotape, where people (friend and foe alike) can rewind and review at leisure. Toward this end, I streamlined my material to hit the main points, and read the first 30 minutes at an elevated pace. This is unlike my other public lectures that move at a leisurely pace, aimed at a more pedestrian audience. Especially as the debate was at the University of Minnesota, a high level of material was called for. This turned out to be the most controversial aspect of my presentation. Some people felt my pace was too fast (especially younger students or those new to the origins debate). Other people (such as biology professors, etc.) said my pace was fine. I understood this tradeoff, but felt it worth the risk at the time. My opponent could easily skate on evolutionary illusions thoroughly ingrained in our culture, he hardly had to teach the audience anything new. I, on the other hand, had to undo old illusions and teach new concepts, an ambitious undertaking. At this stage in the creation/evolution debate, I wanted even the casual observer to see the creationist has no shortage of cool, meaty scientific issues to discuss. If even this minor point could be achieved, then this oral debate must be viewed as a successful creationist step forward into the mainstream scientific arena. My presentation: Any of these topics can be an entire lecture of cutting-edge material in creation-evolution. Many evolutionists would gladly tie-up the entire debate with issues about the philosophy of science, as this tactic prevents ever getting to the meat. Then they would proudly conclude that creationist views are mere philosophy. I opened by rapidly de-complicating the philosophy of science by giving simple examples that catch everyone's common sense. Philosophy of science - We execute murderers: That's not flimsy! Even though the murder is not repeatable, and there were no eye-witnesses, the data often shows an intelligent being caused it. The idea of intelligent design can carry serious weight, it is not inherently flimsy. It all depends on the data. Then I marched straight into the serious science topics: Vestigial "functionless" organs - now virtually barren as evidence of evolution, according to evolutionists themselves The famous Miller-Urey Experiment - is now largely irrelevant, according to evolutionists themselves "Biochemical universals" - Dobzhansky (in his famous paper "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution") claimed biochemical universals as a central, potent evidence for evolution. His claim contradicts the origin-of-life theorists, but this contradiction went unnoticed so long as evolutionists portrayed the origin-of-life as separate from its subsequent evolution - as Pigliucci was attempting to do. Once you understand this contradiction, you see why biochemical universals (and Dobzhansky's famous saying) do not support evolution. (Note: My debate spent virtually no time on the origin-of-life, even though creationists can score big points there. Rather, I focused on those areas of biology where evolution is said to have its strongest case.) Embryology - Haeckle's fudged drawings; the non-existent "gill-slits"; the hour-glass shape of ontogeny - the contradictions between Darwinism and the patterns displayed in embryology, and the inability of evolutionists to resolve it. Natural selection theory - a quick review of its key problems - it does not coherently predict its central claims about the origin of higher adaptations. I mentioned Michael Behe's irreducible complexity concept, and the evolutionists' current attempts to counter it. Darwinism - I discuss the twin expectations of Classic Darwinism: gradual inter-gradations, and clear-cut ancestors and lineage. I clarify these concepts, and that they are systematically absent on a large-scale. I cannot emphasize these issues enough. I describe many methods Darwinians use to create the illusion of lineage, the illusion that ancestors exist and are known. One of these methods is what Gould called, "linearizing the data with a steamroller". I showed Pigliucci's diagram of human evolution (from his website) which depicts a classic Darwinian-style straight-line lineage to man. I pointed out that evolutionist experts would vehemently disagree with Pigliucci's diagram. I challenged Pigliucci to get his diagram past leading paleoanthropologists. He later responded by describing what he had done to his diagram - it fit exactly with my description of linearizing the data with a steamroller . It was satisfying to see Pigliucci shoot down his own diagram in precisely my terms. Interbreeding - I discussed the emerging pattern of interbreeding, showing that the interbreeding groups are somewhat larger than most people had heretofore realized, and that these groups tend to correspond to coherent morphological boundaries. Punctuated equilibria - I illuminated the punctuationists' deep contradictions with the Classic Darwinists; the structure of punk ek theory; and the little known reason for its emphasis on random speciation. Evolutionists would never have advanced this far-fetched theory if Darwinian theory had support from the fossil record. All this further shows the anti-Darwinian patterns are real. The cladists - Darwinian systematists artficially created "ancestors" out of thin air by creating un-natural groupings, called "paraphyletic groups". The cladists saw this error, and sought to dismantle these groups. Thus began the subterranean struggle over paraphyletic groups; and their role in the downfall of Darwinian systematics. In truth, the issue was how to sell evolution to the public, and the two factions of evolutionists had contradictory solutions to the problem. The rise of cladistics, (and the fall of Darwinian Systematics) shows, in yet another way, that the anti-Darwinian patterns are real. The domino effect - Darwinism failed, in large measure, because evolutionists could not identify ancestors - identifiable ancestors are systematically absent. With this keystone removed, the various Darwinian towers collapse. I discuss this domino effect in the fields of: fossil sequence, and biogeography. The fall of Darwinism turned these fields on their heads. The Cambrian Explosion - a breathtaking pattern, quite awkward for evolution to justify. "Disparity precedes diversity" - Gould's statement about fossil sequence, another pattern that contradicts Darwinism. All that in 30 minutes. Yes, a rapid pace, though all those are key issues. I spent much of my time there for several reasons. First, one must remove the prevailing Darwinian illusions before people can even see the data clearly. It is awkward to give a new theory (message theory) until after the Darwinian illusions are removed. Second, the debate was not primarily about my theory (message theory), because Prof. Pigliucci had not read my book (though I had offered it to him for that purpose). Third, because I was, in some sense, representing creationists at large, and therefore felt obligated to press issues of general interest to them, rather than my specific theory. Nonetheless, some creationists were disappointed that I did not spend more time introducing message theory. In my view, the above topics do that, however implicitly. In many ways they are important in order to 'see' message theory. Biotic Message Theory - I then spoke slower, without notes, and introduced biotic message theory for fifteen minutes. The central claims of the theory, its structure. It explains the major patterns of biology (I identify them). It answers Darwin's Riddle - Why are similar traits sometimes used for different purposes? And why are different traits sometimes used for similar purposes? It solves the Argument from Imperfection in a new way. It explains the abundance of "convergence". It is a scientifically testable theory. My rebuttal: After an intermission, my 15 minute rebuttal was next. I moved through each of Pigliucci's remaining points, noting that he had not identified any clear ancestors. This is the hollow shell of Darwinism that must be repeatedly exposed. I soon ran out of material from his presentation, so I moved on to rebut his website. For example, I noted that Pigliucci (like many evolutionists) misuses the term "intermediate form" in a manner different from the public, and that is ideal for creating the illusion of ancestry in the public mind. Here is what his website says: "If there are no intermediate forms, what are these? [The picture shows living sea otters and a living Hippo] You can see lots of other intermediate evolutionary forms just by going to the zoo. Otters and sea lions, for example, are clear instances of once terrestrial animals that are evolving a more aquatic life style. So is the hippopotamus, which is a very goofy animal on both land and water, but which nevertheless makes its living pretty well." (Massimo Pigliucci, quotation accurate as of Aug 16, 2000, slide #12 May no longer be on line as of May 2010) He is using living animals as "intermediate forms"!!! (Presumably because they are 'intermediate' between land & sea ?!!) That is a misleading use of the term, I pointed out. He is creating intermediate forms out of thin air. Pigliucci responded, claiming that is not what his website says, rather he claims his website shows what intermediate forms "would look like". I cannot remotely square that with what his website actually says (above). I mention the point here, because within months the matter may be lost in the mists of time. That's the difficulty with quoting material from the Internet - it is transitory, and they can erase or change what they said. I also discussed the cellulose problem for evolution, and why it makes good system -design from an intelligent designer. Natural selection cannot do system -design, that is, it cannot withhold advantageous traits from individuals in order to benefit the system . As noted earlier, Pigliucci overlooked many traditional evidences for evolution, in favor of weaker ones, yet his choices had a common thread - the evil god argument, the problem of evil. This is the subtext he hammered much of the evening. However, Pigliucci does not believe in the very concept of evil! That makes his focus on the matter both curious and self-contradictory, which I pointed out. Why does he repeatedly bring up examples of moral culpability, when he does not believe such a thing exists? I pointed out his website article, where he argues against the death penalty. Forget about the death penalty and notice his "real reason" for halting it. He places a good man and a cop-killer on precisely the same moral level, separated only by random "luck", "nothing else": "Well, I am an atheist, and I still reject the death penalty. .... The real reason for halting the practice of the death penalty is that we should understand once and for all that human beings are the product of their genes and of the environment in which they grow up - nothing else. Therefore, while it makes perfect sense for society to restrain dangerous individuals from causing more harm, it doesn't make any sense to *punish* them beyond that point. Mr. [XXX] is able to attend college and pontificate about other people's death for exactly the same reasons - but different circumstances - that lead Philip Workman to kill a policeman in Memphis: his nature and the nurture he received . Fortunately for [Mr. XXX], his was luckier than Workman on both counts." (Massimo Pigliucci, accurate quotation as of Oct. 25, 2000, my emphasis added) His words speak for themselves. Ponder them. They're staggering. They are the underside he was none-too-eager for our audience to appreciate. [NOTE: Though Pigliucci's view is seldom seen so nakedly, it is not uncommon. It comes from the same mold as the evolutionary sociobiologists, who believe that ethics, morality, love, altruism, truth, and free-will, are all illusions fobbed off on us by our genes to get us to go along with existence. (No, I'm not making that up.) Many evolutionists (such as Stephen Gould, Philip Kitcher, and others) find sociobiology repulsive and attack it. Remarkably, they use the same logical arguments the creationists use against evolution, nearly word for word! That practice validates the creationist arguments as substantial. This situation is documented in my book.] Pigliucci's rebuttal: Pigliucci came hunting bear. And when he didn't find bear, he just kept shooting at imaginary bears. He scarcely altered his comments to fit his actual opponent at hand. It was as though he was debating an "Inherit the Wind" stereotype of a creationist, and didn't know what to make of this different creature (me). His main punch at message theory was this: If the designer wanted to send a message, why not use a better method, such as write it in the sky, or use e-mail. I answered this at my earliest opportunity. Also remember, message theory claims life was designed (in part) to resist evolutionary explanation. This claim is like poking an evolutionist between the eyes with a stick.. Yet it drew no specific counter-evidence from him! That was noteworthy. Q & A Session: The Q&A session was exciting and the audience seemed to especially like it. The questions were written and fast paced, though tended to be much simpler than I would like. There were several interesting uses of rhetoric. Great fun was had by all. - Walter ReMine The Biotic Message www.SaintPaulScience.com ¹ - Pigliucci argued that eyes are not well designed. That is not an argument for evolution, instead it attempts to argue against a designer. In other words, Pigliucci uses the two-model approach , an approach Darwin invented. Evolutionists often bitterly complain when creationists likewise use a two-model approach! ² - Pigliucci used the often heard argument about the "terrible waste that 99.9 percent of species went extinct." That figure is inaccurate, because it is based on evolutionary assumptions rather than actual fossils. That is, evolution requires a lot more fossils than are actually found, so by evolutionary assumptions they must have once existed - and hence they must have later gone extinct. Also, the argument focuses on "species" rather than created kinds (or holobaramin), which exaggerates the figure even further. The unit of concern in creation theory is the created kind (or holobaramin ) and the size of these vary somewhat throughout the system of life. Sometimes they correspond to species, and sometimes they correspond to groups as high as a Linnean family.

Mount St. Helens (Washington) Video: Awesome Science Explore Mount St. Helens with Noah Justice

Yellowstone National Park, Part 1: A Flood Super volcano https://www.icr.org/article/yellowstone-national-park-part-1-supervolcano/ Yellowstone National Park, Part 2: Canyons and Catastrophe https://www.icr.org/article/yellowstone-part-2-canyons-cata Petrified Forests in Yellowstone https://answersingenesis.org/fossils/types-of-fossils/petrified-forests-in-yellowstone/

Creation Vacation Each year millions of people from around the world come to see these national park’s beauty and wonder! Secular scientists attribute this to natural process over millions of years. Yet, if we go beyond the beauty we will see these parks show the Genesis Flood and subsequent Ice Age. Come and look with our biblical glasses and give glory to God. Be sure to purchase Your guide to Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks by Hergenrather, Vail, Oard, Bokovoy. This book views the parks from a biblical perspective; there was a worldwide Genesis flood which produced the one and only Ice Age. The notes below are a supplement to the guide book. So, use both and have a great creation vacation! On the way to Yellowstone you may want to stop at: Ashfall Fossil Beds, Royal, Nebraska : 86930 517th Ave, Royal, NE 68773 Volcanic ash preserved rhinoceroses, horses, camels, dogs, saber-toothed deer, giant tortoises. This is an active paleontology dig being conducted by the University of Nebraska State Museum. This state park is located in NE Nebraska, about 7 hours from Twin Cities. Closed some Sundays and Mondays. Open May through mid-October. Requires an $8.00 vehicle permit and $7.00 per person entrance fee. http://ashfall.unl.edu/visit.html Thermopolis, Wyoming has two places 1. Dinosaur museum -(one of the best dinosaur museum I have seen! Worth the stop) Have you considered ..........how a fossil is made. A fossil is a rock. It takes very special conditions to make a rock or fossil. Think about this, what happens to a dead animal? Scavengers eat it; bugs and bacteria cause it to rot and decay, eventually leaving no remains behind. It takes very special conditions in order to make a fossil. Here is the general fossil recipe: Fast coverage by sediment. So, scavengers and bacteria don’t eat it. Deep coverage by sediment so no oxygen is present to start decay. Lots and lots of water so the minerals can be dissolved and seep into the bone and turn it into stone. What event in history had fast, deep coverage with lots of water? The Flood of Noah’s time. Every time a fossil is dug up, it is a reminder of the Genesis Flood. Fossils remind us of God’s judgment and God’s mercy. God’s judgment in that He destroyed the entire world with a worldwide flood because it was so wicked. “the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually”. Genesis 6:5. God’s mercy in that He saved Noah and his family on the Ark. 2. Hot Springs State Park (no fee) Just a quick stop to see: How long does it take for large mineral formations to form? In 1903, in the town of Thermopolis, Wyoming, USA, someone drove an iron pipe into the ground, allowing the underground mineral-rich waters to escape. As the warm mineral waters flowed out the top of the pipe, the water evaporated leaving behind the minerals, depositing travertine. Now the travertine rock mound is about 24 feet tall. Why does this rock formation, called Teepee Fountain surprise visitors? It did not take millions of years to produce. It just took the right chemical environment to make this monstrous mound. The 104°F State Bathhouse is free. 168 Tepee Street, Thermopolis, WY. Flip-flops, bathing suit, and towel needed. Sulfur smell. Limited to 20 minutes. Buffalo and swinging bridge. http://creation.com/a-monstrous-mound-of-minerals Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite, Greybull, WY : See dinosaur tracks (free) on BLM land. Located west of the Big Horn Mountains in the Bighorn basin. Travel approximately eight miles east of Greybull WY (or four miles west of Shell) on US Highway 14 to the Red Gulch/Alkali National Back Country Byway turnoff. Head south on the Byway approximately five miles. Bring water to pour on the tracks so you will get better pictures. 44.462381, -107.815654 https://www.blm.gov/visit/red-gulch-dinosaur-tracksite Beartooth Mountain highway (Hwy 212) : Recommended: Start at Red Lodge, Montana and go to Cooke City (NE entrance of Yellowstone). This is one of the most beautiful drives with spectacular scenery and several switchbacks. Along the way see glacial valleys, alpine lake, snow, tundra blossoms along with wildlife. The reason you can drive on the top of this mountain is because it is relatively flat. Notice as you drive, the surrounding mountains look to be planed off, and they were. After the mountains rose, the Flood waters eroded the mountains off in sheets (planation surfaces). Sheet erosion would have produced waters moving as freeway speeds and be hundreds of miles across planning the surface flat; that is the reason this “flat” highway is on top of this 13,000 foot mountain. There is one mountain that was eroded by glaciers and it looks like a bear’s tooth, hence the Beartooth Mountains. Be sure to stop at the Rock Creek Vista spectacular, don’t overlook this overlook! It is about 20 miles into the drive and near the top of the first set of switchbacks. It will take 2 1⁄2 -3 hours to drive the 68 miles from Red Lodge to Cooke City. http://beartoothhighway.com/beartooth-highway-maps/ Along the way stop at Beartooth Butte : elevation 10,514 feet. Bands of sandstone, 1,600 feet thick, on this butte give evidence that this area was covered in sedimentary layers and then most were washed off as the mountains rose late in the Flood. These same layers are found across the continent sitting on top of the granite basement rocks. Cody, Wyoming : At East entrance to Yellowstone National Park Heart Mountain Landslide : Imagine a landslide about the size of 1/3 of Rhode Island speeding toward you at 200 mph. How can a mountain move so fast? “The World’s largest landslide floated like a hovercraft” so said the scientific article. This 425 square mile block 1.2 to 2.5 miles thick, slid some 28 miles, in about 8 minutes, from Cooke City, MT, to near Cody, WY where it broke into about 100 pieces, some over 5 miles in length. One of the pieces is now called Heart Mountain. Another is called Sheep Mountain. The slope it was traveling on was 2 degrees or less. How could this happen? Landslides need a 45-degree slope or greater. Laboratory experiments found that when mimicking the speed of the landslide, limestone and dolomite were crushed under high pressure, these rocks then released a gas, carbon dioxide. This gas acted like a frictionless cushion, letting the mountain blocks float over the landscape like a hovercraft. We do not see this type of process happening today. Towards the end of the Genesis Flood, violent earthquakes with a vertical uplift would have likely dislodged this block. The breakaway point can be seen just outside of Cooke City on the way to the northeastern entrance of Yellowstone. (No sign points out the Heart Mountain Detachment site). From this event, we learn that geological changes can occur catastrophically! https://www.livescience.com/49504-heart-mountain-landslide-air-cushion.html Shoshone Water Gap : As you travel west of Cody notice the mountain range ahead. You are driving through a gap in the mountain. The Shoshone River could have easily gone around the mountain range but instead went through it. How could it? Water and wind gaps are common geological features found worldwide, yet they are a mystery to many scientists of how they were formed. A wind or water gap is a shallow notch in the upper part of a mountain ridge. The notch is an erosional notch and not one caused from faulting. Water gaps have rivers running through while wind gaps have wind. In central Wyoming, the Sweetwater River flows through a granite ridge. How did the river cut a channel some 330 feet deep? The deepest water gaps in the world are through the Himalaya Mountains; one of these water gaps is found on the Arun River which carves a water gap 4 miles deep and 13 miles wide. How does a river cut through a mountain ridge? They can’t but, if you put on your Biblical glasses and view these gaps with the Genesis Flood in mind the answer can be found. At the end of the Flood as the mountains rose the flood waters decreased and were channelized. This cut a notch in the ridge. As the waters continued to be channelized the notch became deeper and wider forming a gap. All over the world we find water and wind gaps; but of course we would, the Flood was a worldwide, powerful event. Note: The Appalachian Mountains have 1,700 water gaps i.e. Cumberland gap, Delaware gap. “And the waters receded continually from the earth. At the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters decreased.” ~ Genesis 8:3 Flood by Design , Mike Oard, 2008, p.95-108. https://creation.com/do-rivers-erode-through-mountains Yellowstone National Park www.yellowstonepark.com/park/fees Yellowstone: Mammoth Hot Springs area Mammoth Hot Springs: hot spring terraces During the Flood, lime mud was laid down. It turned to limestone. Today water from snow and rain percolate down and is heated by the magma below. It then begins rising and carbon dioxide gas from the magma dissolves in the hot water forming carbonic acid. This dissolves some of the limestone. The hot water with the dissolved limestone is then brought to the surface and deposited. The carbon dioxide escapes and the limestone forms these terraces. Limestone from hot springs that precipitated out and hardened is called travertine. (One can buy travertine tiles at tile stores). Mammoth hot springs waters travel through limestone, not rhyolite (igneous rock). The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is made of rhyolite which has been chemical altered by hot springs, resulting in the yellow color. River bathing in Boiling River (5 minutes north of Mammoth in Yellowstone on Hwy 89) River bathing area is located about half a mile upstream from the car park. A flat dirt path is an easy scenic walk along the river and can’t even be called a hike; it shouldn’t take you more than 10 minutes. Most people walk here in their flip flops. https://fullsuitcase.com/boiling-river-yellowstone/ Tower Falls area Tower Falls : Due to erosion you no longer can hike to the base. View the 132-foot falls from above by the general store. It is a football field length walk from the parking lot. While there look across the river and a bit north of the falls to see basalt columns. This geological feature looks like columns. How are they formed? Flood basalts (lava) poured out on to the earth. Then is cooled. As it cooled it cracked forming these columns. Columnar jointing can be found worldwide. Columns can range from 3 to 8 sided, with 6 being the most common. Lamar Valley : great for viewing wildlife: bison, bear, wolves... For best viewing plan to be in the area a half hour before sunrise to shortly after. a. Pebble Creek Campground in Lamar Valley : The people that camp here know about getting up at 4:30 am and taking a short drive to set up spotting scopes before dawn to see the wolves playing as they begin their day. b. Specimen ridge , hike to see petrified trees, get directions, rigorous hike. 3. Petrified tree : Dr. Harold Coffin did more than 25 years of research to try to understand the petrified trees. Here is a 30-minute interview with him https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQcCeF5qlR8 Specimen Ridge in Yellowstone National Park is an area where there are up to 27 rock layers containing vertical petrified trees. Such vertically standing trees are often extending upward through multiple sedimentary rock layers. It has been historically taught that Specimen Ridge is the result of tens of thousands of years of Earth history - as multiple forests grew one on top of another. Yet the facts point to a better explanation. Trees from different levels contain the same growth ring pattern, indicating they grew at the same time No true soil layers between any of the 27 layers There are no root balls at the bottom of any of these trees. Very little bark is on the trees No branches remained, it looks as if they were broken off It appeared that these trees were ripped from the ground and the branches broken off. Dr. Harold Coffin noticed all these things and more about the petrified trees on Specimen Ridge. Then on May 18, 1980, Mt. St. Helens (Washington state) erupted; that volcanic eruption proved to be the science he needed. What Mt. St. Helens taught us about burial of trees in an upright position. On May 18, 1980 an earthquake caused a landslide on Mt. St. Helens which released a steam blast. Because the north slope of the volcano was now open, the steam blast was direct north over the landscape. The blast moved as a hot ground hugging current at speeds over 650 mph knocking down millions of trees over 200 square miles within 10 minutes. The landslide arrived after the trees were blasted down, it hit Spirit Lake which caused the lake water to be propelled up the mountain side 860 feet. This water scoured the area clean of the trees. As the waters rushed back into its basin it dragged with it the downed trees. An estimated one million large trees were now floating on Spirit Lake. As they became waterlogged, they righted themselves and sank to the bottom of the lake. In 1985, 20,000 were found to be in an upright position at the bottom of the lake. If the lake were drained, it would appear to be like a forest. Sediments at this time were continually draining into the lake, so the trees landed on different levels of the sediment. If this were exposed later, it would appear that there were different ages of forests instead of one time period. Petrified trees as Yellowstone Specimen Ridge has 27 different levels of trees, which evolutionists say are 27 different forests over ten of thousands of years. (The sign stating this has since been removed.) Mt. St. Helens taught us that trees can be buried in an upright position giving the appearance of having grown in that position, be in various layers of soil, yet be from the same time period. The sign at the petrified tree shows a picture of Mt. St. Helens trees being ripped off. Footprints in the Ash by Steve Austin https://www.icr.org/article/mt-st-helens-catastrophism/ Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone area Why is Yellowstone called Yellowstone? Hydrothermal (hot waters) altered rhyolite (igneous rock) causing the yellow color. South rim drive: Be sure to see Artist point - breathtaking ! Also, don’t miss Uncle Tom’s trail with a 1⁄2 mile descent to the bottom of the canyon. North Rim drive – one-way: Stop at Red Rock Point, Grand View, Inspiration Point, and the enormous glacial erratic which came from the Beartooth Mountains. Lower, Middle and Upper Geyser Basin 1. Old Faithful and several other geothermal features. See web site for the approximate times of these geyser eruptions. https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/geyser-activity.htm Black Sand Basin: don’t get so excited about Old Faithful that you miss this excellent, nearly flat, .3 mile hike West Thumb: Fishing cone in the lake. Here in the past, fisherman would fish off the cone and once they caught a fish would put it in the cone with its hot spring to cook and eat it. Grand Prismatic Spring at Midway Geyser– gorgeous, to see a view from above it looking down, take the Fairy Falls trail, which is located 1 mile south of Grand Prismatic To really appreciate the beauty of Grand Prismatic Spring, you must view it from higher ground—this can be accomplished by hiking a portion of the Fairy Falls Trail. To access the trail, drive to the Fairy Falls parking area, walk across the steel bridge that spans the Firehole River, then continue hiking for about one mile until you see the Midway Geyser Basin on your right. At this point, take the trail on your left to the viewing platform, and you will be rewarded with out of this world views of Grand Prismatic Spring! Firehole Lake Drive – 3-mile, one-way side road- great! Norris Geyser Basin – study before to know what you want to see www.nps.gov/yell/learn/photosmultimedia/norris-geyser-basin-tour.htm During the Flood of Noah’s day not only was the earth covered with water but with many volcanoes. In fact, you can travel to the very throat of one these super volcanoes, Yellowstone National Park. That’s right, almost the entire park is a collapsed volcanic cone or caldera. It is 44 miles long and 34 miles wide and cover 1500 square miles in area. Image this super volcano spewing out ash and lava! Evolutionary geology believes in enormous time periods, so it places the eruptions that formed the Yellowstone area at 2.1,1.2, and 0.64 million years ago. Yet these dates are based on dating methods that have been proven to be both inaccurate and subjective. The fact that the collapsed caldera of Yellowstone remains geologically active-with geysers, mud pots, hot springs, and fumaroles -actually testifies to its recent formation during the Flood of Noah’s about 4400 years go. It remains hot and active because the eruption which created this area DID NOT occur millions of years ago . The underground magma remains hot and close to the surface because the entire area was recently created. Grand Teton National Park: Did you notice no foothills here at the Grand Teton National Park? Towards the end of the Flood of Noah’s day there would have been earthquakes and the rising and lowering of land. At the Teton Fault, “The mountains rose, the valleys sank down to the place that you appointed for them.” Psalm 104:8, creating the Grand Teton mountain range and Jackson Hole. Hole is just another name for valley. The displacement (uplift of mountains and drop of valley) was about 6 miles. As the Flood waters came off the continents, Jackson Hole was filled with sediments, later the Ice Age sent glacial outwash to cover the valley. The Teton Mountains experienced a tremendous uplift of the basement or creation week rocks (granite and gneisses). On the flanks of the 40-mile-long Teton range are 2,000-foot-thick sedimentary rock layers. These rock layers used to cover the Tetons but were eroded away when the Teton Range rose out of the Flood. Jackson Hole filled with 25,000 feet of sediments. The Ice Age started after the Flood. Yellowstone had an ice cap and the Tetons had valley glaciers. The Ice Age lasted about 500 years. We can see some of the Ice Age glacial runoff terraces in Jackson Hole area; the Snake River overlook is an excellent place to view such. Below is a chronology of the geological event shaping the Grand Tetons: Creation week: formation of the basement rocks of granites. When looking at the Tetons that is what you primarily seeing - the creation week rocks. At the beginning of the Flood there would have been the planing off of the basement rocks then, thousands of feet of sedimentary rock layers were laid down all over the earth. During the second half of the Flood, mountain ranges rose, and basins dropped, including the ocean basins. At this stage the Teton Range uplifted, and Jackson Hole dropped down with a total displacement of 30,000 feet (about 6 miles). The uplifting of the mountains produced strong water currents. Massive erosion and deposition took place, boulders and sediments were swept along for hundreds of miles. Jackson Hole filled with 25,000 feet of sediments. As the mountains continued to rise, water levels dropped, and the water became channelized. Now major valleys were cut. During and after the Flood, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions took place. Yellowstone had three super volcanic eruptions which spewed ash over most of the western USA. The one and only Ice Age was caused by the Genesis Flood, 500 years of extensive snowfall and ash clouded skies for ice buildup and 200 years to melt down. Yellowstone experienced 3,000 feet thick built up of glacial ice which moved south to Jackson Hole. Smaller valley glaciers developed in the mountains carving u-shaped valley and pushed their moraines out onto the glacial outwash terraces. What causes an Ice Age? Have you considered what causes an ice age. First, an ice age is when the winter’s snows do not melt each year but are continually added. It takes very special conditions to make an ice age. So, what are the conditions needed for an ice age to develop? Lots of warm oceans and volcanic ash. What event in history would have lots and lots of warm water and volcanic ash? The Flood of Noah’s time. During the Flood, the fountains of the deep burst opened which brought great quantities of hot water to the oceans. Add to that, volcanoes erupting, of which, 90% of the eruptions are water; again very hot waters were being added to the oceans. These volcanoes also spewed great quantities of volcanic ash into the air; these particles would reflect the sunlight back into space making the continents cooler. These warmer oceans would cause lots of evaporation. Then winds would carry the moisture onto the cold continents. The cold continents would cause the moist air to condense and fall as snow. Snow on the ground would not melt during the summer. Each year the snows would build up. Just after the Flood, ice sheets would have formed quickly around the world in the higher latitudes such as Greenland and North America. As the earth settled down and the volcanoes stopped erupting, the volcanic ash would dissipate out of the air, eventually the sun would shine on those ice sheets and the snow would melt. Creation scientists have calculated the one and only Ice Age to lasted for 700 years, 500 years to build up and 200 years to melt down. What causes an ice age? Very special conditions. An ice age needs lots and lots of warm water and volcanic ash. What event in history would have these two ingredients? The Flood of Noah’s time. Frozen in Time: The Woolly Mammoth, the Ice Age and the Bible , Michael Oard, 2004. What to see: The Grand Tetons are the basement rocks/creation week rocks. Take the aerial tramway from Teton Village to the top of Rendezvous Mountain. Bring sweatshirt. A. Here you will see the creation rock/basement rock (granite and gneisses) and the Flood rock (sedimentary layers). B. Great place to view uplift and lowering of the valley. The displacement would have been 6 miles (30,000 feet) which is like looking out the window of a commercial jet and seeing the ground. Imagine this as you stand on this mountain top viewing the valley below (remember the valley prior to the infilling would have been 23,000 feet lower). C. Also take note of the sedimentary layer named Madison limestone. This same layer is found in the Grand Canyon. The Redwall limestone  of the Grand Canyon is equivalent to the Grand Tetons Madison limestone,  just different names, but one extensive layer laid down by what would require a world-wide flood. Also, notice how the layers look like they are pancakes stacked on top of each other. The boundaries between the layers are straight showing little erosion. If these had been laid down over millions of years, there should be erosional features on the contact boundary. The limestones have marine fossils. What are sea creatures doing on top of a mountain? Marine creatures were caught in the Flood of Noah’s day and became fossils. Later the mountains roses bringing sea creatures to the top of the mountain. (Every major mountain range in the world has marine fossils.) Teton sequence Grand Canyon Equivalent 1. Madison Limestone 1. Redwall Limestone 2. Darby Fm (limestones, dolomites) 2. Temple Butte (limestones, dolomites) 3. Bighorn Dolomite 3. Unnamed Dolomite 4. Gallatin Limestone 4. Muav Limestone 5. Gros Ventre Fm (incl shales) 5. Bright Angel Shale 6. Flathead Sandstone 6. Tapeats Sandstone Cathedral Group turnout : just north of Jenny Lake A . Mr. Moran has a sandstone cap called Flathead sandstone. This sandstone once covered most of North America and can be found in the Grand Canyon. It goes by the name of Tapeats Sandstone in the Grand Canyon. B . Flathead sandstone on Mt. Moran is also found buried 23,000 feet below in Jackson Hole. Showing us the displacement of 6 miles or 30,000 feet. This is equivalent of flying in commercial jet and looking at the ground. Truly the land was going through great upheavals; the safest place would have been on the Ark with Noah!  Jenny Lake : take the boat ride across the lake to Hidden Falls a 1⁄2 mile hike, if you continue another 1⁄2 mile you arrive at Inspiration Point, another 1 mile you arrive at Cascade Canyon (one of the most spectacular glacier carved u-shaped canyon in the Tetons). Total of 2 miles one way. Walking around Jenny Lake on the moraine (a moraine is the ridge of dirt pushed up by a glacier) created by the Cascade valley glacier. It is about 6 miles round trip, fairly level. https://www.nps.gov/grte/planyourvisit/jennylakeplan.htm Snake river overlook : GPS 43.751941, -110.625205 a great place to see the glacial outwash terraces left behind by the Ice Age. The size of these terraces testifies to the magnitude of these glaciers. Chapel of Transfiguration (near Moose Junction) this log chapel was built in 1925 to service the dude ranches in the area. It was built to frame the Cathedral group of Tetons. Sunday services are still done. What a beautiful place to worship our LORD. See website: www.stjohnsjackson.org/chapel-of-the-transfiguration/ Mormon Row (near Moose): Has the “most photographed barn in America”. Go to Moose Junction, continue north on 191 about 1 mile to Antelope Flats road go right to Mormon Row about 2 miles. Quartzite rock with percussion marks. Look around for rounded rocks, they are most likely quartzite. Have you considered quartzite boulders speak powerfully of the global Flood? Quartzite rocks were once sedimentary sandstone but become a hard-metamorphic rock under heat and pressure. (Quartzite is not quartz. Quartz is a mineral). Billions of rounded quartzite boulders and cobbles are found scattered throughout the northwestern United States and western Canada. Where did they come from? The nearest source of quartzite rock is near the Continental Divide in Montana, Idaho and British Columbia. Yet we find them scattered eastward and westward some 300 - 600 miles from their source. Many of these hard quartzite rocks have percussion marks indicating violent collisions during transport in deep moving waters. Two geologists asked themselves what sort of current would be needed to carry boulders over 600 miles into Saskatchewan and North Dakota. They calculated that rocks 6 inches across would require currents of at least 65 mph and a water depth of 200 feet. These rates are unbelievable considering that a modern-day flash floods seldom exceed 20 mph. These billions of quartzite boulders distributed 300-600 miles from their source are powerful evidence for the watery catastrophe of the Genesis Flood. Creation Magazine, “Noah’s Long-Distance Travelers”, John Hergenrather, June-August 2006, pp. 30-32. Be sure to purchase Your guide to Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks by Hergenrather, Vail, Oard, Bokovoy AND a copy these notes when going to these parks. Other valuable articles: Yellowstone National Park, Part 2: Canyons and Catastrophe https://www.icr.org/article/yellowstone-part-2-canyons-cata Yellowstone National Park, Part 1: A Flood Supervolcano https://www.icr.org/article/yellowstone-national-park-part-1-supervolcano YouTube: Awesome Science Explore Yellowstone with Noah Justice  30 minutes Alpha Omega Institute.  Yellowstone app are keyed to GPS and features a hands-free voice mode. $1 plus a donation of any amount.   https://www.discovercreation.org/yellowstone-app/ Grand Tetons: Grand Tetons and Great Sand Dunes – Remnants of a Global Flood | The Creation Podcast: Episode 92 https://www.icr.org/article/creation-podcast-episode-92/ Enjoy your creation vacation!